The double nature of the autoritarismo: An empirical contributions: Giornale Italiano di Psicologia Vol 32(2) May 2005, 331-351. Aiello, A., Leone, L., & Chirumbolo, A.Burnout in women: A comparative study between working and non-working contexts: Ansiedad y Estres Vol 7(1) 2001, 79-88. Organizational cynicism: Bases and consequences: Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs Vol 126(3) Aug 2000, 269-292. The relationship of cynicism to repression-sensitization defense styles among law enforcement personnel: Dissertation Abstracts International. Schwartz, Barry The Battle for Human Nature New York: W.W.Kohn, Alfie The Brighter Side of Human Nature New York: Basic Books 1990.Cynicism in the work place Cynisism in political psychology See also In underscoring cynicism's wide spread in Western society, in 2005 Yale University researchers found that children, as young as eight years old, regularly discounted the statements of others as tarnished with self-interest. In attempting to counter the widespread belief that "jungle ethics" and the associated competition, self-interest, and survival of the fittest are innate to the human animal, researchers looked for a genetic basis for co-operation and altruistic behaviour, and signs that human societal participation ultimately was built upon them. In recent decades, scientific study of human nature-one book's title characterized it as The Battle for Human Nature -focused new attention on cynicism. The same communications media whose advertising bolstered consumerism also occasionally promoted entertaining conspiracy theories, thus adding a new "hidden agenda" dimension to the cynicism of some. Many felt that the second half of this century was characterized by a general rejection of virtue and self-restraint, and toward materialism-particularly in what Pope John Paul II termed "the cynical society of consumerism" in his 1984 Christmas remarks. Certainly, the first half of the 20th century, with its two world wars, offered little hope to people wishing to embrace an idealism diametrically opposed to cynicism: that people can be trusted, have good intentions, are caring, decent, and honourable. By 1930, Bertrand Russell-in the essay On Youthful Cynicism-was describing the extent to which cynicism had penetrated Western mass consciousness, and noting particular areas where there was much about which to be cynical: religion, country (patriotism), progress, beauty, truth. Fields used both these modes of perception and other, new ones in communicating their low opinions of human nature. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century literary and cinema figures such as Mark Twain, Dorothy Parker, H.L. Nearly 2000 years after Greek philosophers embraced cynicism, 17th and 18th century writers such as Shakespeare, Swift, and Voltaire used irony, sarcasm, and satire to ridicule human conduct and revive cynicism. The Cynics followed this philosophy to the extent of neglecting everything not furthering their perfection of virtue and attainment of happiness, thus, the title 'Cynics', derived from the Greek word 'kuon', 'dog' in English, was assigned them because they lived like dogs-neglecting society, personal hygiene, family obligations, pursuing money-to lead entirely virtuous, and thus happy, lives. The Cynics believed virtue was the only necessity for happiness, and that it was entirely sufficient for attaining happiness.
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